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Abbreviations AD: Alzheimer's disease CDCrel-1: Cell division control-related protein 1 DA neuron: Dopaminergic neuron ETC: Electron transport chain GWAS: Genome-wide association study HTRA2: High-temperature requirement protein A2 IBR: In-between-ring LRRK2: Leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 mtDNA: Mitochondrial DNA NdufA10: NADH dehydrogenase ubiquinone 1 sub-complex 10 NESC: Neuroepithelial stem cells NFB: Nuclear factor B Nrf2/ARE: The nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2/antioxidant receptor element PD: Parkinson's disease PINK1: Phosphatase and tensin homolog-induced kinase 1 ROS: Reactive oxygen species SN: Substantia nigra SNCA: Alpha-synuclein TFAM: Mitochondrial transcription factor A TRAP1: Tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated protein 1 Ubl: Ubiquitin-like UPS: Ubiquitinproteasome system UQ: Ubiquitin VPS35: Vascular protein sorting-associated protein 35 References Abdelkader NF, Safar MM, Salem HA (2016) Ursodeoxycholic acid ameliorates apoptotic cascade in the rotenone model of parkinsons disease: modulation of mitochondrial perturbations

Further, AT 1 receptor expression was highest in the substantia nigra
Interestingly PUMA interacts with HER2 and is phosphorylated at Y152 and Y172 this phosphorylation increased degradation of the protein and reduces apoptosis induction ( BAX/BAK BAX and BAK form pores in the outer mitochondrial membrane and drive mitochondrial permeabilization (Wei et al., 2001
Pramipexole prevents ischemic cell death via mitochondrial pathways in ischemic stroke