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a drop in the AMP:ATP and ADP:ATP ratios indicates low energy availability and triggers AMPK activation

Nrf2 predominantly governs antioxidant defenses by neutralizing ROS, whereas FXR plays a key role in maintaining bile acid balance and mitigating bile acid-driven oxidative stress [147]

Many of the oxidative stress biomarker profiles are altered in ALS bio-samples and animal models, where it has been observed that oxidative stress promotes the aggregation of acetylated TDP-43 which hinders RNA binding and encourages the accumulation of insoluble, hyperphosphorylated TDP-43 species

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