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Among pattern recognition receptors, TLRs and NOD-like receptors (NLRs) are particularly critical, as they activate mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and NF-B signaling pathways through receptor proteins or associated kinases (Wallings and Tansey, 2019)

GPX1 activity determines how efficiently hydrogen peroxide is cleared before it can participate in Fenton chemistry to generate the highly reactive hydroxyl radical the most damaging ROS in the cellular environment

Obstet Gynecol 2008;112(2 Part 1):405-407 ACOG Practice Bulletin

Second, ID promotes the polarization of macrophages into the M2 phenotype, which creates an immunosuppressive environment by secreting anti-inflammatory factors and directly inhibits T cell activity through interactions with T cells