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10.1016/j.biocel.2006.07.001 Int J Biochem Cell Biol

Free Radic Biol Med 38:14131421

Chronic oxidative stress is linked to a wide range of diseases, including: Cardiovascular disease : ROS damage endothelial cells lining blood vessels, promoting atherosclerosis and hypertension.[9] Neurodegenerative disorders : Oxidative damage to neurons is a key driver in conditions like Alzheimers, Parkinsons and ALS.[10] Diabetes and insulin resistance : Oxidative stress impairs insulin signaling and worsens glycemic control.[10] Cancer : DNA mutations caused by free radical damage may initiate or accelerate tumor development.[11] Autoimmune conditions : Oxidative stress can trigger inflammatory pathways, contributing to immune dysregulation.[9] Even outside of these conditions, oxidative stress contributes to fatigue, slower recovery, immune suppression and premature aging at the cellular level

Biosynthesis, recycling and degradation in mammals

Morphological characteristics include reducing or disappearing mitochondrial cristae, small mitochondria with condensed mitochondrial membrane densities, and outer mitochondrial membrane rupture