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Phosphatidylethanolamine (PE)-linked arachidonic acid (AA) and adrenic acid (AdA) are substrates for lipid peroxidation[118]

During these processes, GSH is converted into its oxidized form, glutathione disulfide (GSSG)

These innovative tools have enriched the understanding of the Warburg effect, enabling the identification of novel metabolic pathways and dependencies in cancer cells

however, it has been found that the use of CD38 inhibitors can reverse this effect and restore T cell proliferation ( Relationship Between Targeted CD38 Therapy and Programmed Cell Death 1 (PD-1/PD-1 Ligand 1 (PD-L1) Efficacy The use of the PD-1 specific monoclonal antibody nivolumab resulted in tumor volume reduction in one fifth of patients with advanced liver cancer

TABLE 1 Mitochondria-targeted therapeutics