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They are amino acid chains that act as signaling molecules

Elevated mitochondrial superoxide disrupts normal T cell development, impairing adaptive immune responses to an influenza challenge

Microglial ferroptosis can activate neurotoxic astrocytes through pro-inflammatory signaling, and ferroptosis-related genes such as ALOX5/15 are highly enriched in microglia, yet this study does not establish whether ferroptosis is upstream in the cascade involving mitochondrial complex IV defects, oxidative stress, and neuroinflammation

Once the standard reduction potential of each of the half reactions is known, we can predict the direction in which electrons will flow when two half cells are connected through an external wire or when the components of the two half cells are present in a single solution

2 Department of Bio-Pharmaceutics, Shanghai Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, 1320 West Beijing Road, Shanghai 200040, China * To whom correspondence should be addressed