Following endocytosis, the HoloTC complex is degraded in lysosomes and free B12 is released into the cytoplasm, via CblF (Rutsch et al., 2009) and CblJ ( This free cytoplasmic B12 undergoes a series of intracellular transport and modifications to enable two core enzymatic reactions: 1) adenosyl-B12 acts as a co-factor for the enzyme methylmalonyl-coA mutase that catalyzes the conversion of methylmalonyl-coA to succinyl-coA, thereby enabling restoration of tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle intermediates and 2) methyl-B12 enables methionine synthase in the re-methylation of homocysteine to methionine using methyl-tetrahydrofolate (MTHF) as a methyl donor, thereby enabling the vital biochemical pathways of the folate cycle and methionine cycle, facilitating the downstream synthesis of important compounds like DNA and RNA (Figure 2)
Downsides to potential peptides ban Why you should care: If the FDA enforces a strict ban, patients managing conditions like colitis, depression, severe inflammation, and sleep disorders through custom peptide therapies could lose access to their treatments overnight
Metabolic factors influencing menstrual function during weight loss: Leptin levels: This adipocyte-derived hormone decreases with fat loss and plays a crucial role in reproductive function signaling Insulin sensitivity: Improved insulin sensitivity can normalize androgen levels, particularly beneficial in PCOS Inflammatory markers: Reduction in chronic low-grade inflammation associated with obesity Sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG): Levels typically increase with weight loss, affecting free hormone availability For women with obesity-related reproductive dysfunction, particularly those with PCOS, moderate and sustained weight loss often improves menstrual regularity over time
None included documentation of contacting the affected patients
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