The procedure is a stereotactic neurosurgical operation under general anaesthesia: A small burr hole is made in the skull Under stereotactic guidance, a fine needle is advanced into the putamen (a deep brain structure) Progenitor cells are deposited at multiple sites in both putamina (bilateral transplantation) Phase I/II results (Sawamoto et al., Nature 2025) Patients: 7 (ages 5069) with idiopathic Parkinsons disease responsive to levodopa Follow-up: 24 months Serious adverse events: None Mildtomoderate adverse events: 73 total Efficacy (among 6 patients evaluable for efficacy): MDS-UPDRS Part III improved in the OFF state in 4 of 6 patients MDS-UPDRS Part III improved in the ON state in 5 of 6 patients Mean OFF-state improvement: 9.5 points (20.4%) Mean ON-state improvement: 4.3 points (35.7%) Hoehn-Yahr stage improved in 4 of 7 patients Imaging: F-DOPA influx rate constant (K) increased by 44.7% in the putamen, with greater increases in the high-dose group direct evidence that grafted cells survived and produced dopamine No graft overgrowth on MRI Can international patients get Amchepry in Japan

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The blood-brain barrier in systemic inflammation
An interim analysis of an open-label study involving ten patients with GD1 revealed that NAC at a 3600 mg/day dose administered orally for three months showed trends to improve the levels of N-acetyl aspartate and glutamate, which are considered the validated MRS markers for neuronal health, as well as blood antioxidant and inflammatory biomarkers
Superoxide dismutase (SOD) levels were measured using chemiluminescence assay, malondialdehyde (MDA) levels via radioimmunoassay, and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) levels via colorimetric assay