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6 Conclusion Over four decades since its discovery, profound insights into p53s role in cellular homeostasis and its regulatory activities have been acquired, inspiring discoveries in multiple aspects of cell biology, including genetic and epigenetic stability, cell death, senescence, various types of stress responses, metabolic regulation, and oncogenesis

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Interestingly, tryptophan (Trp) can also be used as a substrate for NAD + synthesis through the de novo pathway (Figure 1)

Mixed glial cells from Abcd1-KO mice, deleted for AMPK1 produced a neuroinflammatory response and mitochondrial dysfunction (i.e., decreased mitochondrial oxygen consumption rate)[68] and a similar decrease in mitochondrial oxygen consumption rate was seen in cALD patient iPSC-derived astrocytes [25]

Life Sciences, 47(1), 29-36