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Among these mechanisms, oxidative stress emerges as a central driver of neuronal vulnerability not only by directing damaging proteins, lipids and nucleic acids but also by perpetuating inflammatory signaling within the nigrostriatal pathway

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Excessive angiogenesis occur in diseases such as cancer, rheumatoid arthritis, age-related macular degeneration, and diabetic retinopathy, while insufficient angiogenesis is associated with diseases like coronary arterial diseases, stroke, and impaired wound healing (Ziche et al., 2004)

As FAO feeds OXPHOS 51 and produces ROS 52 , it is rational to observe these changes together

It is critical to note that the safety profile for injectable or systemic use is far less established due to a lack of human research