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Cheever 1986), while granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) enhances the ability of the immune system to attack cancer cells (Rowe 1995

Sulfur is particularly reactive and able to directly neutralize free radicals

In vitro evidence suggests that L-carnitine may modulate insulin-like signaling pathways in hepatocytes, including IGF1-associated AKT and p70 S6 kinase signaling

Atg5, another NRF2-driven regulator of autophagy initiation, has also been shown to be increased during NSC neurogenesis in the olfactory bulb, with loss of Atg5 reducing differentiation into a neuronal phenotype (Vzquez et al., 2012)

However, observational studies are open to residual confounding, such as by socioeconomic position and health status, and cannot distinguish whether l-carnitine is a biomarker or a causal factor, making them difficult to use as a guide to interventions [17]