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10.1073/pnas.2134250100 129 SharmaS

NikiphorouENortonSCarpenterLDixeyJAndrew WalshDKielyPet al

The implication of this self-perpetuating cycle is that oxidative stress is not merely a bystander but an active driver of OA progression, creating a feed-forward loop where inflammation begets more oxidative stress, and vice versa

While immunosuppressive factors such as CCL2, CXCL12, IL-4, and IL-10 sustain an immune-excluded TME, pro-inflammatory mediators like IFN-, TNF-, and CXCL10 counteract these effects by promoting immune cell infiltration and tumor suppression

It's called the "master antioxidant" because it neutralizes free radicals, supports the body's natural detoxification pathways, and regenerates other antioxidants like vitamin C and vitamin E