Several examples were already listed above, such as inadequate antioxidant and/or excessive pro-oxidant intake, toxic exposures and physical injuries
Phytomedicine 13:584590 Murakami I, Satoh H, Asano S, Maeda R (1996) Role of capsaicin-sensitive sensory neurons and nitric oxide in the protective effect of lansoprazole, a proton pump inhibitor, on the gastric mucosa in rats
R.CimaR.KikidisD.et al (2021)
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the research literature associates it with increased brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and modulation of dopamine, positioning it in the context of focus, learning, mental energy, and neuroprotection, including studies in ischemic stroke.7 Selank, derived from the immunomodulatory peptide tuftsin, leans toward GABAergic and serotonergic pathways an anxiolytic that, unlike benzodiazepines, has been reported to reduce anxiety without sedation or cognitive dulling, and in some studies to improve memory under stress.7,8 The honest framing, captured well in recent reviews, is that the problem "is not that there is no human evidence" it is that much of it is "relatively small, regionally concentrated, and not always published in the large, contemporary trial framework that Western clinicians usually want."8 Semax is best described as plausible and promising, not conclusively established for cognitive enhancement in healthy adults
