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Supplementary material The Supplementary material for this article can be found online at: SARS-CoV-2 Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 COVID-19 coronavirus disease 19 ROS reactive oxygen species GSH glutathione Keap1 Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 Nrf2 Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 ARE antioxidant response element GSSG GSH disulfide NADPH nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate NOX NADPH oxidase ARDS Acute respiratory distress syndrome NFB nuclear factor-B ACE2 angiotensin converting enzyme-2 NETs neutrophil extracellular traps rTEM reverse trans-endothelial migration NAC N-acetylcysteine CRP C-reactive protein HSPGs heparan sulfate proteoglycans GCS glutamyl-cysteine synthetase TMPRSS2 transmembrane protease serine 2 TLRs Toll-like receptors Abbreviations References 1 AbbasM.VermaS.VermaS.SiddiquiS.KhanF

Another tryptophan-derived metabolite, indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), inhibits the TLR4/MyD88/NF-B signaling pathway in M1 macrophages, promotes M2 macrophage polarization and restores the balance of M1/M2 polarization, thereby reducing aortic inflammation (83)

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